Progress check 9 Join the participle clauses below to one of the clauses in the box. EXAMPLE: lb) 1 Nestling in the San Lorenzo valley, 2 Rising to their feet, 3 Not realising the phone was off the hook, 4 Rewarded for good behaviour rather than punished for bad, 5 Having saved every penny I earned while I was a student, 6 Having seen the weather forecast the night before, Lightly tossed with an oil and vinegar dressing, a) she thought he had forgotten to call. b) is the sleepy village of El Bueno. c) the audience burst into uproarious applause. d) we knew to take our umbrellas. e) baby spinach makes a delicious change from lettuce. f) most puppies become obedient and lovable companions. g) I had enough money to spend a year travelling. Dos and Don'ts for Travellers Tahiti General Tahitian custom calls for removing one's shoes before entering a home. Names/Greetings If you are in a group of thirty or less, you are expected to shake hands with all those present. Hospitality/Gift Giving If you are invited to dine in a Tahitian home, you should express interest in your host's home and family. But be careful, your Tahitian host might make a gift of a prized possession if you express too great an interest in it. Food is sometimes consumed with the fingers. Observe your hosts and take your lead from them. New Zealand General Tipping is extremely uncommon and will often be refused. Names / Greeting s Shake hands on arrival and departure. Hospitality/Gift Giving Punctuality is highly valued. Visitors should arrive a little before the appointed time. A modest gift of chocolates or wine is acceptable, though not compulsory. 10 Fill in the gaps using one of the verbs in the box below. You will need to use some of the verbs more than once. take get be go work 1 to ... bankrupt 2 to ... on strike 3 to ... early retirement 4 to ... flexitime 5 to ... the sack 6 to ... laid off 7 to ... maternity leave Paper 3 English in Use: Part 5 (register transfer) /1 Read the following advice for business travellers to Tahiti and New Zealand and use the information to complete the numbered gaps in the informal letter following. Use no more than two words for each gap. The words you need do not occur in the advice. Dear Tony, I've managed to get some good advice on Tahiti and New Zealand for you. I hear you're (0) having dinner at Dr Lomo's the night you get to Papeete. You'll probably have to (1) ... your shoes when you get there so wear your best socks! And shake hands with (2) ..., not just your hosts. Do say nice things about their house, but try not (3) ... too interested or they might (4) ... whatever it is you've admired. You might have (5) ... with your fingers, but wait (6) ... what the Lomos do. When you get to New Zealand, don't tip the taxi drivers. Hardly (7) ... and they probably won't (8) ... your money anyway! You should shake hands with the people at Government House when you (9) ... and when (10) ... . And make sure you get to the Johnsons' house a (11) ... 7.30p.m. For New Zealanders, being on time is apparently (12) ... ! The Johnsons will be happy with chocolates or wine if you want to get some, but don't feel you (13) ... . All the best, Jenny 191 Grammar reference Index 1.3 supposing/imagine We use supposing and imagine in place of with a similar meaning. Supposing you won the lottery who would you give money top Imagine you had enough money to never work again. You'd give up your job, wouldn't you? 1.4 if + was/were to We use if + was/were to to make an event seem more hypothetical. This structure is not used with state verbs e.g. believe. If they were to find a way of extending the human life span to 200 years, would you want to live that long? I was to put it to you that you were in Smith Street on the night of June 4th, what would you say? 1.5 if + will/would We use if + will/would to make requests more polite. The auxiliary means 'be willing to1 in this case. If you will just bear with us for a few moments, the Minister will answer your questions. ffyou would be kind enough to let us have your account details we will send out a statement immediately. 2 Emphasis In order to emphasise particular words or phrases, we can put everything else in the sentence into a clause beginning with what. We can then start with the what clause and finish with the words we want to emphasise. The two parts of the sentence are joined by is or was since we think of the what clause as singular. What I like most about Sam is his willingness to talk about his feelings. What Leo did was to arrange a surprise party for Alex. What happened was that they told him it was a fancy dress party but it wasn't really. What really gets on my nerves is people who keep dogs in small flats in the city. 1 Conditionals (Unit 5) 2 Emphasis (Unit 9) 3 Emphasis with inversion (Unit 12) 4 Talking about the future (Unit 6) 5 It as preparatory subject/object (Unit 10) 6 Modal verbs (Unit 4) 7 Noun phrases (Unit 2) 8 Verb tenses (Unit 3) 9 Participle clauses (Unit 13) 10 Passives (Unit 15) 11 Relative clauses (Unit 11) 12 Reported speech (Unit 14) 13 Substitution and ellipsis (Unit 7) 14 Verb patterns (Units 1 and 8) I Conditionals 1.1 Formal style In more formal styles if can be omitted and the auxiliary verb placed before the subject. If I had known —> Had I known you were planning to visit your grandmother, I would have given you something to take to her. ffl had booked —* Had I not booked a return ticket, I would stay on for another couple of months. If Helen were —* Were Helen my sister, I would be only too happy to lend her the money. If you should decide —* Should you decide at some future time that you do require our services, please do not hesitate to contact us. 1.2 if + should happen to We use if + should happen to to suggest that something is more unlikely or just a chance possibility. Should and happen can be used together. If you should happen to run into my old friend Peter Simpson in Berlin, do say hello from me. If you should happen to pass a chemist shop, could you get me a packet of aspirin. If you happen to see anything you think would be nice for Kathy's birthday, buy it and I'll pay you back. Grammar reference 3 Emphasis with inversion 3. / Negative adverbs/adverbial expressions We can put a negative adverb or adverbial expression at the beginning of the clause for emphasis. When we do this there is inversion of the auxiliary and subject. Under no circumstances should you let her into the house. At no time did she consider any other possibility. Not until they were convinced he was missing did they notify the police. 3.2 Restrictive words/expressions We can also put certain restrictive words or expressions at the beginning of the clause for emphasis. Hardly had I put down the phone when it rang again. Scarcely could one have guessed what they were plotting. No sooner had the children settled down to work than there was a bomb scare. Seldom has she received such a positive response from an audience. Little did I know that he planned to resign that very day. Never has the city looked more magnificent. Only when I saw him again did Ifully come to terms with the separation. Not only have you missed several classes, you have also failed to submit the written work. 4 Talking about the future 4. f The future continuous tense is used:
to say that something will be in progress at a particular time in the future This time next month I'll be sitting on the pier in Augusta fishing. Sorry we can't make it to the wedding. We'll all be thinking of you.
to talk about events in the future that are fixed, decided or expected to happen The Minister will be visiting Community Health clinics and schools in the area next week.
to make polite enquiries about people's plans Will you be coming into town at all over the next few days? Will Doctor Newton be attending tomorrow evening's seminar? 4.2 The future perfect tense is used:
to say something will be completed at a particular time in the future By next Christmas Mary will have saved enough money to travel for a whole year. By the end of this century many of the diseases that affect us today will have been eradicated.
to express an assumption You won't have been told much about today's meeting so I'll just run through some of the main points. She won't have even started worrying yet. 4.3 be + to + infinitive We use be + to + infinitive in formal contexts to indicate that an event in the future has been officially scheduled. The examination session is to begin no later than 9.30 a.m. Competing athletes are to assemble outside the Sports Hall at 10 a.m. 4.4 about to + infinitive/on the point of + -ing We use about to + infinitive and on the point of + -ing to talk about the next moment. We're about to go out actually so I can't talk now. I'm on the point of telling Jessica exactly what I think of her. 4.5 due to + infinitive We use due to + infinitive to indicate a time in the future that has been previously scheduled. The ceremony is due to start at midday. When is your flight due to leave? 5 ft as preparatory subject/object 5.1 it as a preparatory subject It is more natural to use it as a preparatory subject in the following situations:
when the subject of a clause is an infinitive expression It was really lovely to see Philip again. It is essential to obtain a visa before you enter Australia. It makes me sad to see her so frail and thin.
when the subject of a clause is another clause It's unlikely that he'll arrive on time. It is terrible how many young people are unemployed. 193 It's always a relief when it rains after a period of hot weather.
when we want to emphasise what comes first in the sentence It was Sally who introduced me to Kaye. It is on Wednesday that the exhibition starts. It was in London that they met. 5.2 it as a preparatory object We can also use it as a preparatory object in this pattern. subject + verb + it + complement + infinitive/clause /find it a little hard to believe you met Bill Gates in Cambridge. They made it perfectly clear they wanted a room with a sea view. We do not normally use it as preparatory object without an adjective or noun complement after the verb. / hate it to see people shouting at their children in the supermarket. X She believed it that he really loved her. X 6 Modal verbs Modal verbs can be used to express the following:
permission Might I have the next dance.' May I ask you another question? You can use my computer if you want to.
theoretical possibility / may be going away for the weekend of 26th. The weather in Melbourne can be very changeable. It might be a good idea to give Alary a call.
strong obligation All those wishing to attend tonight's lecture must leave their names at the front desk. Need we say anything to Kathy about the present? You will arrive on time in future or face dismissal. Weve got to get there on time.
lack of obligation You needn't drive Lucy to the theatre. Julia can give her a lift.
prohibition Cars may not be parked beyond this point. You must not let her in under any circumstances. You can't smoke inside the airport.
deduction You must be Mary's sister. I can't have told him I'd be back this week or he would have been in touch by now.
ability All the members of Merrilyn's family can play a musical instrument Ann's little boy could talk when he was only nine months old.
weak obligation You really should have an early night. We had better go and see Aunt Alice tomorrow afternoon. Paul ought to start thinking about what he wants to do. 7 Noun phrases Nouns combine in the following three ways so that one noun modifies another: in 7.1 and 7.2 the first noun acts like an adjective to describe or modify the second. 7.1 noun + noun
when we describe a measurement e.g. a 26-hour flight
when we name a particular thing and it is a well-known combination e.g. a detective story, a tea cup
when we say what things are made of e.g. a cotton blouse
when we talk about pans of inanimate objects e.g. the door handle (In most cases the main stress is on the first noun.) 7.2 noun + 's + noun
when we indicate possession e.g. Michael's wedding
when the first noun is a user of the second e.g. a young person's railcard
when the second noun is produced by the first noun e.g. sheep's milk 7.3 noun + preposition + noun
when we describe a certain quantity of something e.g. a litre of milk
when the nouns do not refer to a typical or well-known combination e.g. a premonition of disaster
when we describe a container and its contents e.g. a carton offruit juice, a glass of wine (In 7.1 and 7.3 the main stress is usually on the first noun. In 7.2 it is usually on the second.) 194 Grammar reference 8 Verb tenses 8.1 The perfect simple tense is used:
to express completion or achievement By this time next year Lucy will have finished school. Have yon finished stacking the dishwasher? By the time he was thirteen he had performed in every European capital.
to emphasise duration with for and since I've known Diana since I was eleven. I hadn't slept well for more than a week. By this time next month I will have lived here for twenty years. 8.2 The perfect continuous tense is used:
to talk about temporary situations / have been visiting a friend in Spain.
to emphasise the activity rather than whether or not it is complete. He's been working too hard. 8.3 The past perfect tense The past perfect is often used to show that one event happened before another. / had only met him once before I found myself sitting next to him at Sandra's wedding. She was convinced that he had been lying to her. 8.4 Continuous tenses We often use continuous tenses to show that a speaker sees the event as ongoing or temporary. She's living at home at the moment. She will be visiting Britain next month. 9 Participle clauses We can combine other words and participles to form participle clauses. We often use participle clauses to give more information about the idea expressed in the sentence.
They can be used after nouns. There's a man mowing his lawn in the back garden. Most of the people included in the list were the ones who had not handed in all the necessary documents. All those wishing to attend the reception should ensure they reply by 29th February at the latest.
They can be used to replace words like because, so that, after etc. Having read the book, I was disappointed in the film. Thoroughly refreshed after a dip in the lake, they went back to the hotel for lunch. 10 Passives
We use the passive when the active form would require the use of an indefinite or vague pronoun or noun. Someone will process your application in the next few days. Your application will be processed in the next few days. People purchase the majority of new cars at the end of the financial year. The majority of new cars are purchased at the end of the financial year.
We often use the passive with verbs such as think, believe, know and say to show that it is a general opinion. The escapees are believed to be somewhere in the area around the prison. She is said to be our greatest living writer. He was known to be particularly partial to smoked salmon.
We can use the passive to make a statement sound less personal and connected to a particular individual or group. Education spending was reduced by a little ovex 2% last year. Offenders will be prosecuted.
By using the passive we can avoid an awkward change of subject in the middle of the sentence. Hill published his first collection of poems in the early sixties and since that time has been constantly praised by critics and public alike. She placed the advertisement in the paper on a Tuesday and by Wednesday had been literally inundated with calls. 11 Relative clauses //./ Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses say which person or thing (or kind of person or thing) we are talking about. The session which/that started at 7.15 was more convenient for us. The woman who/that organised the event lives with my friend Rosemary. Hanging Rock is a place (which/that) most people find magical The photos of which we made copies for everyone are in the album. The woman to whom I was speaking seemed somehow distracted. 195 /1.2 Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses say more about the person or thing we have already identified. Next Friday, which is the 3rd of March, we're having about twenty people round for drinks. Nanette, who is one of my oldest friends, has just produced a film. Melbourne, where I grew up, is now a really exciting city. The minister, for whom a press conference had been organised, had to be rushed straight to hospital. The treaty, under the terms of which a new border is to be established, was signed yesterday afternoon. 12 Reported speech
If the reporting verbs are in a past tense the modal verbs would should could rnight, ought and must do not always change their form. / would love to come to lunch on Friday if I could get some time off work. She said she would love to come to lunch on Friday if she could get some time off work. You should buy a weekly bus pass while you're here. He recommended that we should buy a weekly bus pass while we were there.
When the sequence of events is clear it is not necessary to report past tenses with a shift into the past perfect. Before the seventeenth century no one knew what the function of the heart was. The lecturer explained that before the seventeenth century no one knew what the function of the heart was. We thoroughly enjoyed the wedding. We heard you all thoroughly enjoyed the wedding.
When the reporting verb is in the present, future or present perfect the tenses don't usually change. / love children. He says he loves children. I'm a vegetarian. She'll probably tell you she's a vegetarian. Racism terrifies me. She has often said that racism terrifies her.
In informal speech we often drop that after common reporting verbs (e.g. say, think, tell). That is not usually dropped after nouns. He said he'd be here by 9.30. She told me I shouldn't let the dog off the lead in the park. They accepted his claim that he had been nowhere near the scene of the crime.
Reporting verbs that express the importance of an action are often followed by should. In American English this is less common and the subjunctive is used. They recommended that we (should) stay overnight in Madrid. I insisted she (should) accept payment for the work she had done. We all agreed that she (should) be asked to resign.
Certain reporting verbs can be used in the passive introduced by it e.g. announce, believe, suggest say, claim. This structure is used when the speaker does not want to take personal responsibility for a statement or is reporting the views of a group of people. It is commonly believed that there is life elsewhere in the universe. It has been claimed that jogging damages leg joints. It was announced earlier today that the Queen and Prince Philip would be visiting Australia next month. 13 Substitution and ellipsis We avoid repetition of words or expressions that have already been used by means of substitution and ellipsis. 13.1 Substitution Substitution involves using other words such as it. one, do, there, that, so, neither and not. We've been to Thailand several times but as Alan had never been there he decided to join us on our last trip. Bill doesn't really like formal occasions and neither do I. She looked at the spilt milk on the floor, took a cloth and mopped it up. A: Would you like a cup of tea? B: I'd love one. A: Are you going skiing this winter? B: We might do. A: Would you like to come to a picnic at Hanging Rock on Sunday? B: That sounds wonderful. A: Is that all we have to do today? B: I hope so. A: She won't be in the mood for festivities after what happened today. B: I expect not. 13.2 Ellipsis Ellipsis involves leaving out words to avoid repetition. We do this:
after and, but and or She felt anxious and confused about the situation. He was excited but a little apprehensive about starting the new job. I'm thinking of taking some flowers or perhaps some wine. Grammar reference
at the end of a verb phrase She wanted to visit her aunt in hospital but she couldn't She said she was going to do her homework and she has.
with infinitives I didn't want to give the puppies away but my mother said I had to. He doesn't play much tennis now. He used to, though. 14 Verb patterns 14.1 Transitive verbs followed by direct objects Transitive verbs are usually followed by nouns and pronouns acting as direct objects. The thunder frightened the dog so much that he hid under the bed. Shut the door! Would you advise us to take the fast train? 14.2 Transitive verbs can have passive forms She was so frightened by the prospect of flying that she decided to travel by ship. When I got there the gate had already been shut. We were advised not to bother booking in advance. 14.3 Transitive verbs which can be followed by both a direct and an indirect object
In most cases the indirect object is a person and comes first. Could you bring me some orchids from Thailand? Play me a tune on your guitar. She gave me a large slice of turkey.
In some cases the direct object can be left out because it is obvious from the context. You really should give up smoking (cigarettes). Lynne rides (her horse) at least once a week. I learnt to cook (food) by watching my mother. 14.4 Intransitive verbs are not followed by a direct object Something very strange happened Please wait in the queue. Did you sleep on the plane? 14.5 Verbs which can be used transitively or intransitively These verbs often describe change. When some of these verbs are used intransitively they can have a meaning similar to the passive. The sound of the rain on the roof woke her. She woke early that first morning. You haven't burnt the toast again, have you? The cake burnt while I was talking on the phone. 14.6 Verbs which require a preposition or participle before the object Can you explain this grammar point to me again? I find it really distracting to listen to music while I'm working. What are you laughing at? 14.7 Different patterns when verbs are followed by other verbs
The following verbs can be followed by -ing or the infinitive with to with different meanings: I forgot to tell you. I'm going out tonight He couldn't forget seeing the ship sinking before his very eyes. Hike living here with you. I like to get up early in the morning and have a swim whenever I can manage it. I regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. He deeply regretted having sold the ring. I hope you '11 remember to write to your aunt He remembered locking the door with the key. We stopped to buy a newspaper on the way home from the park. I wish you'd stop drumming your fingers on the table like that. I've been trying to get through to her on the phone all morning. Try sleeping without a pillow. That might help.
When the verbs above are followed by -ing they often refer to an action or state before the main verb.
Begin, continue, intend, propose, start can be followed by -ing or the infinitive with to with a slight difference in meaning. /fully intended going/to go to the centenary lunch but I couldn't in the end. As I turned the corner he started to run/running away from the house.
Attempt, deserve, expect, fail, manage, neglect, threaten are normally followed by an infinitive with to. These verbs often refer forward to the future. / expect to receive some kind of response in the next 24 hours. You deserve to lose your licence. 197
Avoid, detest, keep on, mind, miss, put off, risk are followed by -ing. Isn't there some way we can avoid having to wait outside in the cold? I think we'll have to put off going to visit Melanie until tomorrow.
Make, let, help are followed by an object and an infinitive without to. I helped her pack her suitcase. You made me love you. Do you think Dad will let us go to the party?
Advise, beg, dare, encourage, invite, persuade, urge are followed by an object and an infinitive with to. He encouraged me to take part in my first tournament. I urge you to give the candidate your full support. Watch Out! Watch Out! boxes The following are items that appear in Watch Out! boxes: responsible p. 10 containers p.23 didn't need to/needn't have p.49 quite p.75 what p. 134 No sooner... than / Hardly.. . when p. 146 198 Language index Exam tasktype index (67? refers to the Grammar reference) Articles p.38 Conditionals p.58; (advanced forms) p.62; GR p. 195 (1) Countable uncountable nouns p.176 Emphasis p.108; GR p.192 (2); (with inversion) p. 145; GR p. 193 (3) Future forms p.64; (advanced features) p.69; GR p. 193 (4) Gerunds infinitives p.42; (verbs +) p.94; GR pp. 197-198 (14) Have get something done p. 183 Hypothetical meaning p.96 It as preparatory subject/object p. 118; GR pp. 193-194 (5) Linking words p. 137 Making comparisons p. 122 Modal verbs p.26; p.48; GR p. 194 (6) Noun phrases p.22; GR p. 194 (7) Participle clauses p. 158; GR p. 195 (9) Passives p. 154; (advanced features) p.180; GRp.195 (10) Questions p. 148 Relative clauses pronouns p.40; relative clauses (advanced features) p. 134 Reported speech p.96; (advanced features) p. 170; GR p. 196 (12) Substitution/ellipsis p.84; GR p. 196 (13) Tenses p. 111 Transitive/intransitive verbs p.6; GR p.197 (14) Verb tenses p.34; GR p. 195 (8) Exam Task PI, Pt2 (gapped text) PI, Pt3 (multiple choice) PI, Ptsl+4 (multiple matchng) P2, Ptl (compulsory question) P2, Pt2 P3, Ptl (multiple-choice cloze) P3, Pt2 (open cloze) P3, Pt3 (error correction - extra word) P3, Pt3 (error correction - spelling + punctuation) P3, Pt4 (word formation) P3, P5 (register transfer) P3, Pt6 (gapped text) P4, Ptl (monologue: note taking/ sentence completion) P4, Pt2 (monologue: note taking/ sentence completion) P4, Pt3 (conversation: sentence completion/multiple choice) P4, Pt4 (multiple matching/ multiple choice) P5 Ptl P5, Pt2 P5, Pts 3+4 P5 (all) Training unit 5, 9,12, 15 1, 7, 8, 13, 14 2, 3,4 1, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 7 10 1, 15 4,9 6, 12 6 2 10, 15 6, 11, 14 1,3,5 2, 8, 2, 3, 4, 8 5, 6 Paper 2 Writing reference Contents Paper 2, Part 1 p.200 Information sheet p.203 Informal letter p.204 Review p.206 Report p.208 Article p.210 Improving your marks p.211 Editing Checklist p.214 HAPPY VALLEY CAMPSITE If you're planning to spend your holidays with a group of friends then camping is definitely an option to consider and at Happy \alle\ "ne make groups especially welcome. offer the finest campsite facilities in Europe at very reasonable daily, weekly and group rates (generous student discounts available). Paper 2, Part 1 1 Task You are a member of the extra­curricular activities committee at your college. Recently you helped organise an 'end-of-course' trip. You and a group of classmates stayed at Happy Valley Campsite. Unfortunately, you were all very disappointed with your stay. On the right is the brochure you received from Happy Valley Campsite before booking the trip and the notes you made while you were there. When you got home you phoned a friend who works at the Consumer Protection League and told her about your experience. She has sent you the leaflet on p.201. You have offered to write a letter (200 words) to the campsite director asking for compensation on behalf of your group. You are also going to send the campsite brochure and a copy of your letter to your friend at the Consumer Protection League. Write a covering note (50 words) to your friend to accompany the copy of the letter and the campsite brochure. !!! Not to us!! Person on desk said this had changed since we made our booking six months earlier. So small could barely get out of bed. VERY dirty!!! # COSY TRAILER ACCOMMODATION # # HIRE A TENT OR BRING YOUR OWN % Sue and Anna not allowed ^ Open for ONE hour a day: to put up their own tents .L., ,,,irlJT„,riii n , -had to hir* them!! # MINI-MARKET # AT LUNCHTIMEM! Everything ^-^^ twice the price of supermarket in the town. # METRES FROM CLEAN SAFE BEACH % 2 KILOMETRES away!! m FAYTISTIC NIGHTLIFE IN \F\Rin GRIMSCIV # One cinema (same film throughout our stay) and a pub full of unfriendly locals. WHEN WE WENT TO COMPLAIN MANAGER 'UNAVAILABLE'! We did!!! Make sure you book early so as to avoid disappointment!!! Phone: 982019069 e-mail: hapvaleam@nete\plor.com or write to: Dan McNamara Campsite Manager Happ\ Valley Little Bay Gisborn GI79 F09