Paper 2 Writing reference improving your marks on paper 2 BI Each of the two pieces of writing produced by a candidate for Paper 2 is given an impression mark as follows: Band 5 Minimal errors: resourceful, controlled and natural use of language, showing good range of vocabulary and structure. Task fully completed, with good use of cohesive devices, consistently appropriate register. No relevant omissions. N.B. Not necessarily a flawless performance. Very positive effect on target reader. Band 4 Sufficiently natural, errors only when more complex language attempted. Some evidence of range of vocabulary and structure. Good realisation of task, only minor omissions. Attention paid to organisation and cohesion; register usually appropriate. Positive effect on target reader achieved. Band 3 Either (a) task reasonably achieved, accuracy of language satisfactory and adequate range of vocabulary and range of structures or (b) an ambitious attempt at the task, causing a number of non-impeding errors, but a good range of vocabulary and structure demonstrated. There may be minor omissions, but content clearly organised. Would achieve the required effect on the target reader. Band 2 Some attempt at task but lack of expansion and/or notable omissions irrelevancies. Noticeable lifting of language from the input, often inappropriately. Errors sometimes obscure communication and/or language is too elementary for this level. Content not clearly organised. Would have a negative effect on target reader. Band 1 Serious lack of control and/or basic errors. Narrow range of language. Inadequate attempt at task. Very negative effect on target reader. Band 0 (a) Fewer than 50 words per question, or (b) Totally illegible work, or (c) Total irrelevance (often a previously prepared answer to a different question). This general impression mark scheme is used in conjunction with a task-specific mark scheme, which focuses on criteria specific to each particular task (e.g. report, article, formal letter), including relevance, range of structure, vocabulary and presentation and register. 211 Now look at the task below and the answer a student has written. The student's work has been annotated by their teacher. Look again at the CAE marking criteria on p.2l I. Into which band would you put this answer? The tourist authority want to encourage tourists and locals to spend more time walking around the capital city in your region or country. They have decided to prepare a leaflet on walks that people can take. Their intention is that the leaflet should include three walks taking in important buildings and monuments, parks and open spaces and a part of the city that is particularly interesting for cultural or historical reasons. You have been asked to prepare the leaflet. Not a very interesting title and taken straight from the question. What about the tourists? it's not their capital city after all. SPEND MORE TIME WALKING AROUND YOUR CAPITAL CITY! Try to make the idea of walking sound more inviting. There are lot of walks around your city you can take and get to know better. Here are three nice ones: Another rather dull heading taken straight from the question. Think about who you are writing for and why. People will presumably want to take these walks so it would be better to describe the buildings and monuments in the order in which they will see them during the walk. You could begin like this 'Start out from the magnificent Cathedral and walk straight on until..." Important buildings and monuments San Cristobal has many important buildings and monuments. There is the cathedral of the Immaculate Conception which were built in the seventeen century. There are also very nice houses that once belong to rich marchants in the area near to the market. You should also see the Bishop's Palace and the History Museum. Parks and open spaces This is a short walk because there are not so many parks and open spaces. You have to go out to the country or to the mountains for this. If your are stuck in San Cristobal the only green space is the Humboldt Park. This is not a large park and you can walk around it in about twenty minutes or half an hour. There is a pretty flower show in the park in April so it is better if you go then. A part of the city that is interesting for cultural reasons The area around the State theatre is very interesting, Apart from the theatre there is an important art gallery with a collection of peintings by famous artists. You can also find some small private galleries around here. Next door to the theatre is a very grand building. This is the State Library. You can't borrow any of the books though. I hope you enjoy this walks. Think of another more interesting way of saying this. This sounds as if you don't like the park very much yourself. Try and make it sound more attractive. You could suggest that it is a good place to go for people who want to relax after shopping or taking the other walk. This needs a heading that will make people want to take the walk. Do not just copy phrases from the question. Make this more interesting. Describe the walk itself and introduce each of the buildings in order. Is this relevant? Can you come up with a way of finishing that will have more of an impact on your audience? Paper 2 Writing reference fI Now check your assessment of this answer with the teacher's comments below. Teacher's comments and advice on improvement Obviously you know your city very well and you've got plenty to say. You've also thought carefully about the layout of your material. Nevertheless, this would be graded as Band 2 if it were an exam answer because you don't really expand on any of the ideas in the input task and you have taken a lot of language directly from it. Another problem is that a lot of the language you use is very simple (adjectives such as nice, important and beautiful; sentence structures with There is/are ...). I also don't think that someone reading this would feel like taking the walks, do you? I've made some suggestions on how your answer could be improved but you also need to edit your work thoroughly for grammar and spelling errors using the Editing checklist. Have another try and hand it in again. Now look at the student's second attempt at the same task .This is now a Band 5 answer. GETTING TO KNOW SAN CRISTOBAL ... ON FOOT! The best way to get to know a city - even the one you grew up in - is by seeing it on foot. We've come up with three exciting walks that will show you just how varied our city is. Walk 1: Architectural Marvels Start out from the awe-inspiring cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, built in the seventeenth century. Walk down Santiago Street with its luxurious villas, once the homes of rich merchants trading in silks and spices. Perhaps the most magnificent of these are the Bishop's Palace and the Villa San Pedro which now houses the History Museum. At the end of the street you'll find the market with its wide variety of exotic fruits and flowers. Walk through, buying your picnic lunch on the way. Walk 2: A breath of fresh air Not so much a walk as a pleasant stroll, Humboldt park is our next destination. If you're lucky enough to be there in April, as you walk along the shaded paths, you'll also be able to enjoy the annual flower show. At whatever time of year the park is a wonderful spot for a picnic, so sit down on one of the benches facing the glorious central fountain and enjoy your lunch. Walk 3: The art of the city This walk takes you from the State Theatre and its imposing neighbour the State Library, through a series of quaint winding streets to the Municipal Gallery. The Gallery houses an impressive collection of works by local artists, but the many small galleries in the area also have plenty to offer. Stop for a coffee in one of the many attractive cafes. You'll probably need to put your feet up, but we know you will have thoroughly enjoyed getting to know San Cristobal in this way! 213 editing checklist When you have finished the first draft of a piece of work check that you have:
done everything you were asked to do in the task input
used language suited to your audience
used appropriate layout for the task (sections, headings, bullet points etc.)
used different language from the language of the input
made links between paragraphs and between sentences in paragraphs
written an accurate piece of work in terms of grammar, spelling and punctuation - Have a mental list of the kinds of errors you tend to make and pay particular attention to these errors. - Read your work at least three times and look for a different type of error each time e.g. the first time check for grammar, the second time for punctuation and the third time for spelling. COMMON MISTAKES GRAMMAR Agreement: nouns and pronouns My brother works at home. She He has a computer and bet his boss sends work through the Internet for bet him to do. Agreement: subject and verb People often finds it difficult to adjust to change. Sarah and Jeff's three teenage children who had just got home from school was were surprised to find their grandfather in the kitchen. Verb tense first / had washed the dishes and then I swept the floor. I «m have been living in London for six months now. Word order Do you often go often to the cinema? Questions / wonder what «fe 8/// and Alan are doing now? Who did come came to the party? Irregular verbs Nanette has teachcd taught herself to play the guitar. Verb form / have feemg been meaning to write to you for weeks. If I would have had realised the phone was out of order I wouldn't have been so worried. He suggested we gomg to a Mexican restaurant To smote Smoking is not allowed in any part of the airport Articles I think that without the love we could not survive. Design of the living room was blend of modern and classical styles. X The design of the living room was a blend of modern and classical styles. / PUNCTUATION Commas My cousin who is coming to dinner tonight lives in New Zealand. X My cousin, who is coming to dinner tonight lives in New Zealand. S Question marks I've been meaning to ask you where you buy your coffee? X I've been meaning to ask you where you buy your coffee. S How often does the average student use the Internet Our survey shows that it is more often than you might think. X How often does the average student use the Internet? Our survey shows that it is more often than you might think. / Apostrophes The streets appearance had changed. X The street's appearance had changed. / The visitor's carpark was full so we had to park in the street X The vis/tors' carpark was full so we had to park in the street / Quotation marks Soon 55% of households will be connected to the Internet' said Mark Wilcox. X 'Soon 55% of households will be connected to die Internet' said Mark Wilcox. / Hyphens My sixteen year old niece is studying fashion at school. X My sixteen-year-old niece is studying fashion at school. / SPELLING Omission of silent letters sychology X psychology / Suffixes and prefixes responsoWe X responsible S desadvantage X disadvantage / Homophones herelhear there/their where/wear piece/peace Letter doubling neccesory X necessary / occurence X occurrence J Letter order recieve X receive rethorical X rhetorical Communication activities Unit I,Vocabulary Exercise 2, p.8 Unit 3, Reading Exercise 6, p.32 awe-struck /'oistrAkll'D:-/ adj feeling extremely impressed by the importance, difficulty, or seriousness of someone or something: She gazed awestruck at the jewels. Student A: You have recently won £ 1 m on the lottery. You have been thinking about what/who to spend it on. You are worried about how the money will affect the attitude of your relatives and friends towards you. Unit 5, Listening Exercise I, p.54 'Cryonics' is the 'art' of freezing the bodies of people who have recently died. The hope is that one day science will have discovered how to bring these bodies back to life again. Unit 6, Grammar Plus Exercise 5, p.69 Student B gasp v [I,T] 1 to breathe in suddenly, quickly and in a way that can be heard, especially because you are surprised or afraid; "My leg! My leg!" he gasped. "Ithink it's broken!" haunting /'hDintirill'hDin-/ adj sad but also beautiful and staying in your thoughts for a long time: a haunting melody - hauntingly adv pen-chant /'praifDn, 'pentTantll'pentJ'ant/ n [C] French a liking for something, especially something that is slightly disapproved of by other people [+ for] a penchant for fast cars 7p.m. Welcome by director 7 50p.m. Open buffet 8.20p.m. Live band'Delirious' 9.30p.m. Disco 10p.m. 'Coolest couple'award 10.15p.m. Surprise entertainment! 10.50p.m. Live band'RJE' 11.30p.m. Fireworks midnight swim! twirl /tw3:llltw3:rl-/ v [I,T] to turn around and around or make something do this: [+ around/round] twirling around the dance floor I twirl sth around/round He twirled the gun around in his hand. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - 3rd edition) Unit 2, Reading Exercise 2, p. 19 Answers to reading quiz If you have answered only one of these questions with a Yes, then you are probably already a speed reading expert! And that one question was the first - Speeds of 1,000 words per minute are possible. All the others should have been answered with a resounding No. These remaining 19 questions covered the full range of current misconceptions about reading. If you believe these false assumptions, not only are you believing in something that is not true, you are believing in something that will actively make your reading habits worse and worse, your reading speed slower and slower, and your comprehension,and understanding more and more difficult and unsatisfactory. Unit 6, Vocabulary Exercise I, p.74 USAGE NOTE: MAN POLITENESS Many people no longer use man to mean 'men and women in general' because it gives the impression that women are not included. They prefer to use humans or human beings: abilities found in humans (rather than in man).... It is also advisable not to use words that contain man in the names of jobs, because this seems to mean that only men do that job or that the person is a man. So say that someone is a chairperson, rather than a chairman, especially when it is a woman. Similarly it is better to say spokesperson, businesspeople, or salesperson. Sometimes you do not need to use -man, -woman, or -person in the names of jobs at all. For example, people are more likely to say firefighter than fireman, police officer rather than policeman, and in British English, headteacher or head instead of headmaster or headmistress. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - 3rd edition) Student B: You are a journalist who wants to interview a lottery winner and get an interesting story for their paper. You want to find out how Student A feels about having all this money and what they intend to do with it. You may need to persuade Student A to talk to you. Unit 11, Speaking Exercise 5, p. 130 Student B: You make lots of suggestions (some of them rather eccentric, impractical and expensive). Unit 14, Speaking Exercise 3, p. 174 Student A
To what extent do people have a responsibility to look after the welfare of animals?
Does it matter if certain animals become extinct? Unit 10, Speaking Exercise 3, p. 120 Communication activities Unit 9, Speaking Exercise 3, p. 109 Unit 11, Speaking Exercise 5, p. 130 Student A: You are going to chair the meeting. It is your responsibility to make sure everyone has a chance to express their opinions and to arrive at a shortlist of the best three or four ideas by the end of the meeting. Unit 14, Speaking Exercise 3, p. 174 Student B
In what ways can ordinary people help endangered animals?
Do you think there are any fundamental differences between humans and animals? If so, what are they? Unit 11, Speaking Exercise 5, p. 130 Student D: You have worked in the tourist board for many years. You have heard most of these ideas before. You have a generally negative attitude and are quick to point out the downside of any new ideas. Unit 13, Reading Exercise 6, p. 158 3 thin in an attractive way willowy keep your figure slim slender trim slim /slim/ [adj] He was tall, slim and blond and really good-looking. i Mrs Ester was in her late thirties, about average height, with a slim figure. I "Does he look like Dan?" "He's slimmer than Dan, has chestnut hair and a neat beard." slender /'slcndaV thin in an attractive and graceful way [adj] Laurence was a tall slender young man with a light brown moustache. I Mandy had her mother's colouring, she was slender and very fair with long golden hair. \ Although her face was quite plain, she had long, slender expressive hands, like a concert pianist. trim /trim/ someone who is trim, especially a woman, has an attractively thin body and all her flesh looks very firm [adj] Joan's trim figure suited the dark uniform she had to wear. I She strolled along the beach toward him, her body sleek and trim, without an excess gram of fat. i / play badminton regularly to help me keep trim. willowy /'wilaoi/ a woman or girl who is willowy is attractively tall and thin in a graceful way [adj] In contrast to Francesco, who was tall and willowy, Diana was small and curvy. I Anastasia was willowy and graceful, with grey eyes and long, straight red hair. keep your figure /,ki:p jo:r 'figar II -'figjsr/ to manage to stay thin in an attractive way even though you are getting older [v phrase] Lovely to see you again, Joan. You've kept your figure well all these years. I Superstars like Jagger and Nureyev must have worked incredibly hard to keep their figures into middle age. (Longman Language Activator) THIN PERSON words meaning thin thin and strong-looking thin in an attractive way thin in a way that is not attractive too thin, for example because of hunger or illness 6 words for describing a face that is thin 7 to become thinner 1 words meaning thin thin slight thin /Gin/ having very little fat on the body [adj] Larry was tall but very thin with dark brown hair and bright blue eyes. i The war years had turned my mother into a thin, ailing old woman. i I wish my legs were a bit thinner! slight /slait/ thin, delicate, and often weak-looking [adj] The girl's name was Juana, she was slight and delicate-looking. I Her father's figure was slight, which made him appear taller than he really was. i He pulled the little girl to her feet, marvelling that so slight a creature could have put up such a fight. 2 thin and strong-looking lean wiry lean /li:n/ thin and physically fit, especially because you do a lot of exercise or physical work [adj] He's a very handsome man: tall, lean and tanned with thick white hair. I At seventy-two my grandfather was lean and strong and I expected him to live forever. 1 She was looking lean and very fit today in training for tomorrow's race. wiry /'waisri/ a man or boy who is wiry is thin and strong, though often not very tall [adj] Archie McNeile was a wiry, upright figure with an alert, intelligent face. i Jedd rolled up the sleeves on his wiry arms and was soon sawing the tree trunk with quick strong movements. 220 Communication activities Unit 11, Reading Exercise 2, p. 138 Group B I y curiosity about the sporting I lie was piqued by an episode that took place in the US a number of years ago but came to light only 5 recently, in Britain, when Ffyona Campbell, a distance walker, admitted that she had lied about a walk across the United States. During a 1,000-mile stretch, she 10 said, she had cheated, accepting occasional rides from her companion and driver. 'Nobody knew, nobody was hurt, I rationalized,' Campbell wrote in her 15 book The Whole Story, published amid controversy last November in Britain. Campbells American crossing was the first of four tremendous walks, totalling 19,586 miles, that won her a 20 place in the Guinness Book of Records with the longest distance ever walked by a female. But the lie preyed on Campbell for years. Campbell is, to put it mildly, a 25 difficult person. Restless, self-absorbed, and prone to moralistic pronouncements, she covers her body with the logos of corporate sponsors while castigating multinational 30 corporations for destroying the earth. She walks farther than any woman before her but generally doesn't seem to notice a single pretty thing along the way. 35 Certainly, Campbell's childhood was hard. Her family moved 25 times in 12 years. Her mother seems not to have known how to handle Ffyona's ferocious spirit. Clearly Campbell's 40 relations with her father, a tightly TRUTH BE TOLD SHE LIED 70 involvement and lecturing manner. But as she worked her way across Europe, a worm was turning inside her. She was being devoured by a lie that was now almost a decade old. 75 It all began back in Indiana, a little over a thousand miles into her east-to-west walk across America in the mid-eighties. Her pace had left her exhausted and weepy, and she started 80 to fall farther and farther behind schedule. Her sponsor, Campbell's Soups, threatened to pull out. Then one afternoon she discovered why she was flagging: she was pregnant. 85 The moment Campbell gave in to Noel's offer to give her a lift, her misery faded. 'When things got too hard, I just got in the van till I was walking very little at all, just on the 90 approach to a town to do the interviews,' Campbell writes in The Whole Story. A little farther past the town and I'd jump in again, all through Illinois and Missouri and 95 Oklahoma and Texas.' Campbell is still on the move. She lived with aboriginal women in northern Australia for a few weeks last year, and though gratified by the 100 challenges of tracking in the bush, she felt called back to the developed world. 'I found out 1 had to go back, to find my home.' 'Ffyona, what are you going to do 105 for a living?' I ask. 'I'm a retired pedestrian,' she says. 'But I really don't like people asking me what I'm going to do. It's limiting when you declare something.' wound former Royal Marine helicopter pilot, were smouldering and remote. As a young woman, Campbell 45 frequently ran away from home and at age 16 somehow hatched the idea of walking the hill length of Britain, a dream that slowly consumed first her imagination and then her energies. 50 She was starved for attention in those days (she wore a sweatshirt that said 'Sponsor Me!'). In 1988 she walked Australia. In 1991-1993 she traversed Africa, a 55 walk interrupted twice by political unrest. Along die way, she wrote two popular books that described her adventures. Then in 1994 she did Europe. Typically she would walk 30 60 miles a day on the shoulder of the highway. Every ten miles, a companion would be waiting for her in the supply vehicle. She'd take a break, eat, maybe drain some blisters 65 with a syringe. Her life between walks wasn't any easier, Campbell says. She flitted from job to job and seems to have alienated many supporters with her self- Unit 11, Speaking Exercise 5, p. 130 Student E: You make some quite cautious suggestions. You are aware that the board has a limited budget and cannot afford to spend a lot of money on new ideas. 221 Unit 5, Listening Exercise 5, p.58 I t was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I 5 might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. It was already one in the morning: the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw 10 the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom 15 with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries 20 beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which 25 they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. The different accidents of life are not so changeable as the feelings of human nature. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole 30 purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and 35 disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of the being 1 had created. I rushed out of the room and continued a long time traversing my bedchamber, unable to compose my mind to sleep. At length lassitude succeeded to the tumult I had 40 before endured, and I threw myself on the bed in my clothes, endeavouring to seek a few moments of forgetfulncss. But it was in vain; I slept, indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest dreams. I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in 45 the streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought that I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a so shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel. I started from my sleep with horror; a cold dew covered my forehead, my teeth chattered, and every limb became convulsed; when, by the dim and yellow 55 light of the moon as it forced its way through the window shutters, I beheld the wretch - the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, 60 and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs. I took refuge in the courtyard belonging 65 to the house which I inhabited, where I remained during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse 70 to which I had so miserably given life. 222 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh gate Harlow Esssex CM20 2JE England www.longman.com © Pearson Education 2001 The right of Richard Acklam and Sally Burgess to be identified as the authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Design and patents Act 1988. All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the written prior permission of the Publishers. Set in 10 I3pt Admark by Oxford Designers & Illustrators First edition published 2001 Second impression 2001 Printed in Spain by Graiicas Estella ISBN 0 582 338042 Publisher Acknowledgements The publisher wishes to express thanks and appreciation to die following reporters: Keith Greenwood, Brian Nield, Ana Gutierrez de Francisco. Roy Norris, Susan Bolland, Joanne Johnson, Susan Cleveland, Brian Brennan, Nick Shaw, Lisa Girling, Spain; Carmel Engin, Emma Tuhill, Laura De Souza, Louise Leonard (lavalier, UK; Magdalena Wojdylo, Ewa Spirydowicz, Poland Author Acknowledgements I would especially like to thank the following people: all the Longman team and, in particular. 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Sales Corp for extract from article by Marina Isola (The New York limes) in COVER Magazine 1998; Premier Media Partners for an extract from the article 'The bravest athletes in the World' by Pat Butcher in British Airways MagazineLLFE August, 1997; The Reader's Digest Association Ltd for extracts from the articles 'Did you Know?' in various editions of THE READERS DIGEST, 1990; Realworld Music Ltd for song T Dont' Remember' from the album Peter Gabriel by Peter Gabriel; Sony Music Publishing for lyrics from 'Missing' by Ben Watts Tracey Thorn; Telegraph Newspapers Ltd Encyclopedia Britannica for extracts drawn from I article 'Outdoors....' by Sebastian 0'Kelly 20,9 97 and ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA 'Pitcairn Island' Copyright © 1996, extract from the articles 'Cupid's Target' in SUNDAY TELEGRAPH 14.2.97 and 'Study finds twins are also "Mirror Images'" by Katrina Creer in Si NVAY TELEGRAPH 2/1 /00; Time Inc. for an extract from 'Winners: Sole Survivor' by Michael Neill/Lydia Denworth in PEOPLE © 1994 Time Inc; Time Inc/Newsday Inc. for extracts from article 'Cirque du Soleil Proves a Little Circus can make the Big Time' by M Small & D Lindeman in PEOPLE 25 88 Aileen Jacobson in NEWSDAY 313,95; Director of Corporate Communications, University of Durham, for an extract from the University of Durham's website; Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Putnam Inc for an extract from THE ROAD AHEAD by Bill Gates 'Copyright © 1995 by William H Gates 111; The Week for an extract from the article 'Briefing* in THE H FEE 21.3.98; the author, Philip Weiss for an extract from his article 'Truth Be Told They Lied' in OUTSIDE Magazine May 1997. We have been unable to trace the copyright holders of the article 'Sweet Nothings' by Belinda Wallis or the story from 'The Man who mistook his wife for a Hat' by Oliver Sacks and would appreciate any information which would enable us to do so. We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs: Ace Photo Agency for 19; Action Plus for 73; AKG London for 12 top middle; All Sport for 71 top (Give Brunskill) and 74 bottom; Art Directors and TRIP for 20 (Helene Rogers) and 74 middle left (S Grant); Aviation Images for 148 (Mark Wagner); BBC Photographic I ibrary for 18, 101 and 157; The Body Shop International for 155; Bridgeman Art Library for 12 bottom (Musee Picasso, Paris), 13 (Mr & Mrs John Hay Witney, New \brk) and 143 (Peggy Guggenheim Foundation); British Telecom for 155; Britstock-IFA for 131 middle; Bubbles Photo Library for 109 bottom right (Shona Wood) and 185 (Jennie Woodcock); CM, Dixon for 178; Colorific Philippe Bourseiller for 172 left and 172 right; Corbis (UK) Ltd for 156; Mary Evans Picture Library for 104 right; Sam Faulkner for 31; Firepix Internationa] for 96; Focus Magazine for 149; Getty One Images for 14, 27 top, 46 top left. 46 top right, 46 bottom. 66, 74 top, 80 middle right, 80 top, 80 bottom. 80 middle left, 83, 120 bottom, 130 top, 130 middle top right, 147 top right, 172 bottom (background), 218 bottom right, 219 top middle, 219 bottom right. 223 top left and 223 top right; Ronald Grant Archive for 47 top, 47 bottom, 56 and 81 top; Sally & Richard Greenhill for 120 middle, 147 middle right and 174 top; Robert Harding Picture Library for 6 bottom left, 28 bottom, 130 middle bottom left, 130 bottom, 136 and 137 middle; Hulton Getty for 40; The Hutchison Library for 24; Image Bank for 109 bottom left, 131 bottom, 217 bottom left, 218 top left and 218 bottom left; Images Colour Library for 219 top right and 219 bottom left; Katz Pictures for 216 right; Moviestore Collection for 81 bottom; NASA for 55 left; National Geographic Michael Nichols for 168 and 169 Network Photographers for 6 top. 9 and 216 left; NHPA for 91 (Nigel J Dennis); Nokia for 54 left; The Oldie for 32, 36, 45, 50, 61, 118, 162 and 163; PA Photos for 32 top (David Giles), 32 bottom (Brian Little) and 53 (David Jones); Pearson Education Gareth Boden for 99 top, 99 bottom and 151; Peugeot Motor Company for 155: The Photo Library, Wales for 130 middle bottom right (Steve Benbou) and 131 top (Richard Davies); The Photographers Library for 26, 28 top left. 74 middle right, 76, 82, 89, 109 top left, 181 bottom left, 219 top left, 219 bottom middle; Pictor International for 27 bottom, 125, 147 left, 181 bottom middle and 218 top right; Popperfoto for 59, 70, 71 bottom, 105. 119 and 181 top; Powerstock Zefa for 217 right and 223 bottom; reproduced by permission of Punch for 90 and 106; Rex Features for 6 right, 12 middle, 12 top right, 28 top right, 54 right, 60, 98 top, 98 bottom, 104 left, 123, 137 top, 137 bottom, 138 left, 138 right, 139 and 181 bottom right; Science Photo Library for 30 left (Jorge Sclar), 55 right (Peter Menzel), 58 (Geoff Tompkinson), 120 top (NASA) and 179 (British Museum/Munoz); The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust for 130 middle top left; Frank Spooner Pictures for 30 right (Gamma) 68 left, 68 right and 68 middle (Jimmy Bolcina); Superstock for 142; Swift Imagery for 88 top and 88 bottom; late Picture Library for 12 top left; Telegraph Colour Library for 49 and 217 top left; Times Newspapers for 33 (David Jones)and 117; University of Sussex Stuart Robinson for 10 11; John Walmsley for 188 and Wo burn Safari Park for 174 bottom. We regret that we have been unable to trace the copyright holder of the photograph on page 42 and would welcome any information enabling us to do so. Illustrated by Nigel Axtell, Aldo Balding, Rowan Barnes-Murphy, Warrick J Cadwell (East Wing), Linda Clarke (Ian Fleming & Associates). Doug Gray. Louise Morgan (Arena), Mark Oldroyd (Arena). Oxford Designers & Illustrators, Brian Sweet (Arena), Shaun Williams. Longman DICTIONARY OF contemporary f MMMrn) o erf ionyntr, Wet. Dtrtionttyl 5S000 jpohei proniovutkxui Students prefer Gold The Gold series provides the most effective and popular preparation for the Cambridge First Certificate, Advanced and Proficiency exams. With the unique Exam Maximiser, Gold is the preferred choice of students and teachers.
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